Skip to content

[builders] Switch Vercel Build Output API from CJS to ESM#1562

Draft
VaguelySerious wants to merge 2 commits intomainfrom
peter/esm-builders
Draft

[builders] Switch Vercel Build Output API from CJS to ESM#1562
VaguelySerious wants to merge 2 commits intomainfrom
peter/esm-builders

Conversation

@VaguelySerious
Copy link
Copy Markdown
Member

@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious commented Mar 30, 2026 •
edited
Loading

Summary

  • Switches the default output format for step, workflow (final wrapper), and webhook bundles from CJS to ESM
  • VercelBuildOutputAPIBuilder now emits .mjs files with "type": "module" in package.json and "handler": "index.mjs" in .vc-config.json
  • The StandaloneBuilder inherits the new ESM defaults automatically
  • The intermediate workflow bundle (which runs inside vm.runInContext) remains CJS — the only place where CJS is genuinely required
  • Removes the CJS import.meta.url polyfill from the webhook bundle (no longer needed with ESM output)

Motivation

Every framework-specific local builder (Next.js, SvelteKit, Astro, NestJS, Nitro, Vitest) already overrides the format to ESM. The Vercel Build Output API builder and standalone builder were the only ones still defaulting to CJS, which caused import.meta.url to be undefined at runtime — breaking libraries like Prisma that rely on it (#1507).

The CJS polyfill from #1509 fixed the symptom but this PR fixes the root cause: there's no reason these bundles need CJS since Vercel serverless functions fully support ESM.

Supersedes #1509.

Test plan

  • @workflow/builders tests pass (115/115)
  • @workflow/core tests pass (499/499)
  • Typecheck passes across all 41 packages
  • Example workbench builds and produces correct ESM output with "type": "module" and "handler": "index.mjs"
  • Verified step bundle contains no CJS polyfill (__import_meta_url) and uses native ESM
  • CI e2e tests
  • Verify deployed preview functions work correctly

Closes #1507

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

@VaguelySerious @claude
[builders] Switch Vercel Build Output API from CJS to ESM
27d04d7 
The step, workflow, and webhook bundles produced by
VercelBuildOutputAPIBuilder and the standalone builder now default
to ESM format instead of CJS. This preserves native import.meta.url
support, fixing issues with libraries like Prisma that rely on it.

The intermediate workflow bundle (which runs inside vm.runInContext)
remains CJS — the only place where CJS is genuinely required.

Closes #1507

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
@changeset-bot
Copy link
Copy Markdown

changeset-bot bot commented Mar 30, 2026 •
edited
Loading

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: ab40104

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages
Name Type
@workflow/builders Patch
@workflow/cli Patch
@workflow/astro Patch
@workflow/nest Patch
@workflow/next Patch
@workflow/nitro Patch
@workflow/rollup Patch
@workflow/sveltekit Patch
@workflow/vite Patch
@workflow/vitest Patch
workflow Patch
@workflow/world-testing Patch
@workflow/nuxt Patch
@workflow/ai Patch
@workflow/core Patch
@workflow/web-shared Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

@github-actions
Copy link
Copy Markdown
Contributor

github-actions bot commented Mar 30, 2026 •
edited
Loading

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

Passed Failed Skipped Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production 857 0 67 924
✅ 💻 Local Development 830 0 178 1008
✅ 📦 Local Production 830 0 178 1008
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres 830 0 178 1008
✅ 🪟 Windows 76 0 8 84
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds 132 60 24 216
✅ 📋 Other 210 0 42 252
Total 3765 60 675 4500

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (60 failed)

mongodb (3 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KN04N7SZA3QPMQT4GM9RF00P
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KN04NF6F85E5AWH751W92DXD
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KN04XE5KGN23FQCPQRW2WTFZ

redis (2 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KN04N7SZA3QPMQT4GM9RF00P
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KN04XE5KGN23FQCPQRW2WTFZ

turso (55 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KN04M2J029CJJXG3DVTPS08T
  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KN04M2J029CJJXG3DVTPS08T
  • wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KN04PA9GS1H3YV1ERWCGET47
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KN04M92BMR770Q42T3ZZDGZ5
  • promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KN04MD77VSEGFX9WPEPQP5T6
  • promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KN04MF2ES18H30TSJ54W4G0J
  • importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KN04PN041CBD6CP3AA9YY5DJ
  • hookWorkflow | wrun_01KN04MVFDW3Y5079AAE3B5W89
  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KN04N7SZA3QPMQT4GM9RF00P
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KN04NF6F85E5AWH751W92DXD
  • sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KN04NNY6WR11ATHJ0W23K0V0
  • parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KN04P1TTM6J3J06CGY2JXADM
  • nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KN04P65WA2V0BKYKYTBYAYEM
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KN04P83JW1DGNY8N518XDQBA
  • fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KN04S6SFDG0FPN7BKB725QWE
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KN04S9SX3HAD4714H5EK8C7Z
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KN04WT9AK4Q51AE6AGTCD373
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KN04XE5KGN23FQCPQRW2WTFZ
  • hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KN04Y146WPT5DXADJQ5R5PQ4
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KN04YRBP8SCBB7XDRDFXFXVP
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KN04Z071J0JT2KZJSBZ00HZT
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KN04Z63P8SPZRAT0B115P0C1
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KN04Z7ZRRCCQ28B86YK0GVWM
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KN04ZN68W3CW767SBGP51YYJ
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KN04ZSVSMD9DSQCNWH9K8H0A
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KN05023G31D1N00RDSD6K8G1
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KN0507Y9X1EXQ0TNMJDTZWHK
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KN050DTK3TKGTMCABSKZ8WSH
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KN050MS4NWAXM7YQC53TR6C7
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KN050W3NCSGE8H74937DZBA2
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KN0515X83MSTZCT10BNS4WZ7
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KN051DVSPNQNVKTNVEKT7YY0
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KN051N77XHGVVPENB9A6KQMQ
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KN051XQXABHH2KPH1R1F9F4J
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
  • hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KN052BBHPTEGP7FZS18ARDJ5
  • sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KN052ZHFX6A5X4JZF9FM3MVA
  • sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KN053A99KT12EA47NXRVCNTQ
  • importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KN053G3S2Q54FXFFQQMSAYKA

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro 77 0 7
✅ example 77 0 7
✅ express 77 0 7
✅ fastify 77 0 7
✅ hono 77 0 7
✅ nextjs-turbopack 82 0 2
✅ nextjs-webpack 82 0 2
✅ nitro 77 0 7
✅ nuxt 77 0 7
✅ sveltekit 77 0 7
✅ vite 77 0 7
✅ 💻 Local Development
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 70 0 14
✅ express-stable 70 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 70 0 14
✅ hono-stable 70 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 59 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 76 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 59 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 76 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 70 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 70 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 70 0 14
✅ vite-stable 70 0 14
✅ 📦 Local Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 70 0 14
✅ express-stable 70 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 70 0 14
✅ hono-stable 70 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 59 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 76 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 59 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 76 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 70 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 70 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 70 0 14
✅ vite-stable 70 0 14
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 70 0 14
✅ express-stable 70 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 70 0 14
✅ hono-stable 70 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 59 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 76 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 59 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 76 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 70 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 70 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 70 0 14
✅ vite-stable 70 0 14
✅ 🪟 Windows
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack 76 0 8
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev 5 0 0
❌ mongodb 56 3 8
✅ redis-dev 5 0 0
❌ redis 57 2 8
✅ turso-dev 5 0 0
❌ turso 4 55 8
✅ 📋 Other
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable 70 0 14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable 70 0 14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable 70 0 14

📋 View full workflow run

@github-actions
Copy link
Copy Markdown
Contributor

github-actions bot commented Mar 30, 2026 •
edited
Loading

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Nitro 0.043s (-19.4% 🟢) 1.005s (-1.0%) 0.963s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.050s 1.006s 0.955s 10 1.18x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 0.056s 1.005s 0.949s 10 1.32x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.057s 1.010s 0.953s 10 1.35x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.059s (-9.0% 🟢) 1.011s (~) 0.951s 10 1.40x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.068s (+5.6% 🔺) 1.013s (~) 0.945s 10 1.59x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 0.120s 1.008s 0.888s 10 2.82x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.581s (-7.8% 🟢) 3.169s (+14.0% 🔺) 2.588s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.119s 2.006s 0.887s 10 1.00x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.123s 2.007s 0.884s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 1.130s (~) 2.007s (~) 0.876s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.133s 2.009s 0.876s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.143s (~) 2.010s (~) 0.867s 10 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.145s (-0.7%) 2.010s (~) 0.865s 10 1.02x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 1.321s 2.009s 0.688s 10 1.18x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.222s (+1.1%) 4.411s (+7.7% 🔺) 2.189s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 10.805s 11.024s 0.219s 3 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 10.824s 11.019s 0.196s 3 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 10.833s 11.024s 0.191s 3 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 10.917s (~) 11.029s (~) 0.112s 3 1.01x
💻 Local Nitro 10.924s (~) 11.023s (~) 0.099s 3 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Express 10.954s (+0.8%) 11.022s (~) 0.069s 3 1.01x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 12.269s 13.024s 0.755s 3 1.14x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 20.331s (+12.3% 🔺) 22.398s (+8.6% 🔺) 2.067s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 14.314s 15.024s 0.710s 4 1.00x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 14.360s 15.031s 0.671s 4 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 14.599s 15.029s 0.430s 4 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Express 14.664s (+1.0%) 15.024s (~) 0.361s 4 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 14.678s (+0.9%) 15.031s (~) 0.353s 4 1.03x
💻 Local Nitro 14.915s (~) 15.028s (~) 0.113s 4 1.04x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 17.884s 18.029s 0.145s 4 1.25x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 34.635s (-1.0%) 36.333s (-3.7%) 1.698s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 13.430s 14.028s 0.598s 7 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 13.613s 14.021s 0.408s 7 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 14.056s (+0.5%) 14.741s (+2.0%) 0.685s 7 1.05x
🐘 Postgres Express 14.199s (+2.1%) 15.029s (+7.2% 🔺) 0.830s 6 1.06x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 15.918s 16.029s 0.110s 6 1.19x
💻 Local Nitro 16.604s (+1.3%) 17.030s (~) 0.426s 6 1.24x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 20.386s 21.029s 0.643s 5 1.52x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 63.464s (-3.7%) 66.699s (-1.4%) 3.236s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.229s 2.010s 0.781s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.268s (-0.5%) 2.012s (~) 0.744s 15 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.280s (~) 2.011s (~) 0.731s 15 1.04x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.311s 2.007s 0.696s 15 1.07x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.492s 2.007s 0.515s 15 1.21x
💻 Local Nitro 1.495s (-1.8%) 2.006s (~) 0.511s 15 1.22x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 2.164s 3.009s 0.844s 10 1.76x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.565s (-7.5% 🟢) 4.697s (+4.0%) 2.133s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 2.344s (+1.0%) 3.012s (~) 0.668s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.357s (~) 3.012s (~) 0.655s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 2.373s 3.009s 0.637s 10 1.01x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.590s 3.008s 0.419s 10 1.10x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.892s 3.565s 0.674s 9 1.23x
💻 Local Nitro 2.943s (+1.1%) 3.341s (+4.2%) 0.398s 9 1.26x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 4.734s 5.180s 0.445s 6 2.02x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 4.390s (+66.1% 🔺) 6.454s (+50.6% 🔺) 2.064s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 3.461s (-1.1%) 4.013s (~) 0.552s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 3.470s (~) 4.017s (~) 0.547s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 3.629s 4.013s 0.384s 8 1.05x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 4.176s 5.012s 0.836s 6 1.21x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 7.916s 8.518s 0.601s 4 2.29x
💻 Local Nitro 8.272s (+9.2% 🔺) 9.023s (+12.5% 🔺) 0.750s 4 2.39x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 9.941s 10.687s 0.745s 3 2.87x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 3.398s (-13.0% 🟢) 5.506s (~) 2.108s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 1.245s (-0.7%) 2.008s (~) 0.763s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.247s 2.009s 0.762s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.262s (~) 2.009s (~) 0.747s 15 1.01x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.304s 2.007s 0.702s 15 1.05x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.494s 2.006s 0.512s 15 1.20x
💻 Local Nitro 1.512s (-1.0%) 2.005s (~) 0.493s 15 1.21x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 2.191s 3.008s 0.817s 10 1.76x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.572s (-21.9% 🟢) 4.219s (-17.1% 🟢) 1.647s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 2.321s (-1.7%) 3.011s (~) 0.690s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 2.376s (+0.6%) 3.011s (~) 0.635s 10 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 2.382s 3.010s 0.629s 10 1.03x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.631s 3.008s 0.377s 10 1.13x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.823s 3.453s 0.631s 9 1.22x
💻 Local Nitro 2.908s (+3.4%) 3.565s (+11.1% 🔺) 0.657s 9 1.25x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 4.818s 5.176s 0.358s 6 2.08x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 3.374s (+25.5% 🔺) 4.811s (+10.0% 🔺) 1.437s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 3.470s (~) 4.013s (~) 0.543s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 3.513s (+1.9%) 4.014s (~) 0.500s 8 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 3.623s 4.013s 0.390s 8 1.04x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 4.157s 4.869s 0.712s 7 1.20x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 8.014s 8.520s 0.507s 4 2.31x
💻 Local Nitro 8.677s (+10.2% 🔺) 9.023s (+5.9% 🔺) 0.346s 4 2.50x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 10.025s 10.349s 0.323s 3 2.89x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 3.608s (-12.6% 🟢) 6.631s (+12.2% 🔺) 3.023s 5 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.686s 1.004s 0.319s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.731s 1.006s 0.275s 60 1.07x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.847s 1.004s 0.158s 60 1.24x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.852s (+4.7%) 1.024s (+1.8%) 0.173s 59 1.24x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.875s (+6.0% 🔺) 1.024s (+1.7%) 0.149s 59 1.28x
💻 Local Nitro 0.977s (-3.6%) 1.057s (-38.5% 🟢) 0.079s 57 1.43x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 2.130s 3.008s 0.878s 20 3.11x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 11.064s (+8.1% 🔺) 13.100s (+8.9% 🔺) 2.035s 5 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.689s 2.028s 0.339s 45 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.775s 2.008s 0.233s 45 1.05x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 2.043s (+7.3% 🔺) 2.768s (+36.3% 🔺) 0.724s 33 1.21x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.123s (+6.2% 🔺) 3.011s (+30.0% 🔺) 0.888s 30 1.26x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.719s 3.008s 0.289s 30 1.61x
💻 Local Nitro 3.003s (-1.5%) 3.508s (-5.9% 🟢) 0.505s 26 1.78x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 5.217s 6.012s 0.795s 15 3.09x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 34.277s (-0.9%) 36.356s (-1.6%) 2.079s 3 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 3.359s 4.009s 0.650s 30 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 3.641s 4.044s 0.403s 30 1.08x
🐘 Postgres Express 4.150s (+2.2%) 4.934s (+8.0% 🔺) 0.784s 25 1.24x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 4.198s (+9.2% 🔺) 4.973s (+22.0% 🔺) 0.775s 25 1.25x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 8.780s 9.089s 0.308s 14 2.61x
💻 Local Nitro 9.148s (+2.6%) 9.710s (+4.1%) 0.563s 13 2.72x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 10.565s 11.019s 0.454s 11 3.15x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 95.435s (+1.0%) 97.312s (~) 1.877s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.252s 1.007s 0.755s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.283s (+0.7%) 1.008s (~) 0.725s 60 1.12x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.292s (+1.4%) 1.008s (~) 0.716s 60 1.16x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 0.379s 1.004s 0.626s 60 1.50x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.587s 1.004s 0.417s 60 2.33x
💻 Local Nitro 0.604s (+6.9% 🔺) 1.004s (~) 0.401s 60 2.39x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 1.663s 2.150s 0.487s 28 6.59x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.911s (-6.6% 🟢) 3.687s (-8.7% 🟢) 1.776s 17 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.476s 1.007s 0.531s 90 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.501s (~) 1.008s (~) 0.506s 90 1.05x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.526s (+3.3%) 1.008s (~) 0.482s 90 1.11x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.192s 2.006s 0.814s 45 2.51x
💻 Local Nitro 2.554s (+10.2% 🔺) 3.009s (~) 0.454s 30 5.37x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.629s 3.009s 0.380s 30 5.53x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 4.746s 5.289s 0.543s 18 9.98x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 3.980s (+2.9%) 5.654s (+1.6%) 1.674s 17 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.732s 1.007s 0.275s 120 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.795s (~) 1.017s (+0.9%) 0.222s 118 1.09x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.829s (+7.0% 🔺) 1.012s (~) 0.183s 119 1.13x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.827s 3.110s 0.283s 39 3.86x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 10.002s 10.518s 0.516s 12 13.66x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 10.628s 11.208s 0.580s 11 14.52x
💻 Local Nitro 11.111s (+7.3% 🔺) 11.755s (+8.2% 🔺) 0.645s 11 15.18x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 38.854s (+462.8% 🔺) 40.740s (+363.9% 🔺) 1.886s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks (includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.177s 1.002s 0.011s 1.018s 0.841s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.177s 1.001s 0.001s 1.010s 0.833s 10 1.00x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 0.182s 1.000s 0.001s 1.008s 0.826s 10 1.03x
💻 Local Nitro 0.200s (-3.7%) 1.003s (~) 0.012s (+21.4% 🔺) 1.018s (~) 0.817s 10 1.13x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.217s (+5.2% 🔺) 0.999s (+0.6%) 0.002s (+54.5% 🔺) 1.013s (~) 0.796s 10 1.23x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.226s (+11.5% 🔺) 0.996s (~) 0.001s (-8.3% 🟢) 1.010s (~) 0.783s 10 1.28x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 0.497s 0.958s 0.001s 1.009s 0.512s 10 2.81x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.744s (+6.0% 🔺) 3.105s (+6.7% 🔺) 0.167s (-50.5% 🟢) 3.913s (-0.8%) 2.169s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.505s 1.000s 0.003s 1.011s 0.506s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.585s 1.008s 0.005s 1.023s 0.438s 59 1.16x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.610s (-1.0%) 1.002s (~) 0.004s (-15.1% 🟢) 1.023s (~) 0.413s 59 1.21x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.641s (+6.2% 🔺) 1.020s (+1.9%) 0.004s (-3.1%) 1.042s (+1.8%) 0.401s 59 1.27x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.659s 1.008s 0.009s 1.023s 0.364s 59 1.31x
💻 Local Nitro 0.717s (-4.9%) 1.009s (~) 0.009s (-5.9% 🟢) 1.022s (~) 0.306s 59 1.42x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 1.320s 1.950s 0.003s 2.012s 0.691s 30 2.62x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 4.386s (-8.6% 🟢) 5.621s (-7.6% 🟢) 0.491s (-8.9% 🟢) 6.793s (-8.2% 🟢) 2.407s 9 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.899s 0.999s 0.000s 1.004s 0.105s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.901s 1.130s 0.000s 1.137s 0.236s 54 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.964s (-2.0%) 1.242s (~) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 1.259s (~) 0.295s 48 1.07x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.970s (~) 1.291s (+11.0% 🔺) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 1.316s (+9.6% 🔺) 0.346s 47 1.08x
💻 Local Nitro 1.240s (+1.4%) 2.021s (~) 0.001s (+63.6% 🔺) 2.024s (~) 0.784s 30 1.38x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.270s 2.020s 0.000s 2.024s 0.754s 30 1.41x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 2.345s 2.954s 0.000s 3.007s 0.662s 20 2.61x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 4.492s (+34.9% 🔺) 5.553s (+23.5% 🔺) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 6.277s (+20.6% 🔺) 1.785s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.631s 2.035s 0.000s 2.040s 0.409s 30 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.718s (-5.0% 🟢) 2.101s (-1.6%) 0.000s (~) 2.114s (-2.7%) 0.396s 29 1.05x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.824s 2.182s 0.000s 2.190s 0.366s 28 1.12x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.827s (+4.4%) 2.141s (+2.1%) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 2.154s (+1.9%) 0.327s 28 1.12x
💻 Local Nitro 3.607s (+6.2% 🔺) 4.099s (+3.2%) 0.000s (-76.3% 🟢) 4.102s (+3.2%) 0.495s 15 2.21x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 3.627s 4.099s 0.001s 4.104s 0.477s 15 2.22x
🌐 MongoDB Next.js (Turbopack) 4.394s 4.969s 0.000s 5.011s 0.616s 12 2.69x
💻 Local Express ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 5.035s (+2.5%) 6.359s (+4.6%) 0.001s (+16.7% 🔺) 7.031s (+2.3%) 1.996s 9 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express ⚠️ missing - - - - -
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World 🥇 Fastest Framework Wins
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 17/21
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 15/21
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 21/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework 🥇 Fastest World Wins
Express 🐘 Postgres 21/21
Next.js (Turbopack) 🌐 Redis 8/21
Nitro 🐘 Postgres 18/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

  • Local: cancelled
  • Postgres: success
  • Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

@vercel
Copy link
Copy Markdown
Contributor

vercel bot commented Mar 30, 2026 •
edited
Loading

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project Deployment Actions Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack Ready Ready Preview, Comment Mar 30, 2026 7:48pm
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack Ready Ready Preview, Comment Mar 30, 2026 7:48pm
example-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Mar 30, 2026 7:48pm
workbench-astro-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Mar 30, 2026 7:48pm
workbench-express-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Mar 30, 2026 7:48pm
workbench-fastify-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Mar 30, 2026 7:48pm
workbench-hono-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Mar 30, 2026 7:48pm
workbench-nitro-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Mar 30, 2026 7:48pm
workbench-nuxt-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Mar 30, 2026 7:48pm
workbench-sveltekit-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Mar 30, 2026 7:48pm
workbench-vite-workflow Ready Ready Preview, Comment Mar 30, 2026 7:48pm
workflow-docs Ready Ready Preview, Comment, Open in v0 Mar 30, 2026 7:48pm
workflow-swc-playground Ready Ready Preview, Comment Mar 30, 2026 7:48pm

@VaguelySerious @claude
Fix ESM bundling: add createRequire banner and update standalone paths
ab40104 
Fully-bundled ESM output needs a real `require` function for CJS
dependencies that call require() on Node.js builtins (e.g. debug
requiring tty). Add a createRequire banner to the steps, workflow,
and webhook bundles.

Also update the CLI standalone config to output .mjs files, and
update world-testing to import from the new .mjs paths.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Sign up for free to join this conversation on GitHub. Already have an account? Sign in to comment

Reviewers

No reviews

Assignees

No one assigned

Labels

None yet

Projects

None yet

Milestone

No milestone

Development

Successfully merging this pull request may close these issues.

import.meta.url not available in step runtime on Vercel

1 participant

@VaguelySerious